{"id":66,"date":"2023-09-22T16:24:53","date_gmt":"2023-09-22T16:24:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/?page_id=66"},"modified":"2023-09-25T03:42:06","modified_gmt":"2023-09-25T03:42:06","slug":"europe-and-the-bull","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/?page_id=66","title":{"rendered":"Europe and The Bull"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Europa and the Bull<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n
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The Myth of Cadmus<\/h4>\n

    The myth of\nCadmus and his sister Europa is considered as an example of the historical\norigins of myths which blended with fiction picturesque scenes in order to\nendow the story with an exciting narrative. Historically, \u201cCadmus\u201d is the son\nof \u201cAgenor\u201d king of Tyre, one of the most prominent Lebanese Phoenician coastal\ncities. Along with his brothers he went to Greece to look for their sister\nEuropa, who was carried off Crete on the back of a handsome bull, which was\nactually Zeus in disguise. According to Herodotus, Cadmus introduced to the\nGreeks the Phoenician Alphabet and other sciences. Thus, both Europa and\nCadmus must have been real historical figures symbolizing the introduction of\nthe Eastern Phoenician civilization to the West, hence, symbolically also the\nfirst chapter in the \u201cHistory of Lebanese- Phoenician Expansion in the Ancient\nWorld\u201d.<\/b>\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Cadmus killing a dragon<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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The Abduction of Europa<\/h4>\n

    Moschus, <\/b>a Greek poet born in Syracuse, tells\na beautiful Epic verse describing the kidnapping of Europa, which has inspired\nmany writers and painters. Moschus, together with Ovid, is considered the main\npoet to give this subject a beautiful artistic perspective.
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    \u201cCypris (Cyprian Aphrodite) <\/b>once\nset upon Europa a sweet dream. At the time when the third part of night begins\nand dawn is near; when limb-loosening sleep, sweeter than honey, sits on the\neyelids and binds the eyes with a soft bond; and when the herd of true dreams\ngoes afield-at that time, as she slumbered in her upper chamber, Europa,\ndaughter of Phoenix, still a virgin, thought she saw two continents contend for\nher, Asia and the land opposite; and they had the form of women. Of these, one\nhad the appearance of a foreigner, while the other resembled a native woman and\nclung more and more to her daughter, and kept saying that she had herself borne\nand reared her. But the other, using the force of her strong hands, drew her\nnot unwillingly along, for she said it was fated by Zeus who bears the aegis\nthat Europa should be her prize.
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    Europa leaped in fright from her\ncovered bed, her heart pounding; she had experienced the dream as if it were\nreal. Sitting down, she kept a long time silent; and still she kept a vision of\nboth women before her now open eyes. At least the girl raised her frightened\nvoice: \u201cWhich of the gods in heaven has sent such visions upon me?\u201d \n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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    According to the legend, Europa was the epitome of feminine beauty on Earth. Zeus once saw her on the seashore of Phoenicia playing with her friends. He was so captivated by her beauty that he fell in love with her and developed a strong desire to possess her. Immediately, he took the form of a white bull and approached her. The bull looked wonderful with its snow-white body and gem-like horns. Europa looked at the extraordinary animal curiously and dared to touch and later hang him because he appeared so calm to her. Later, she was somehow motivated to climb on his back.
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    As soon as she did so, Zeus ran to the sea and carried her all the way from Phoenicia to the island of Crete. \u200bAccording\nto Greed Mythology, the Idaean cave, at Mount Ida (2,456 m) in Crete was the\nbirthplace of Zeus; there he was nurtured by the Horae. It is also believed\nwhere his marriage to Hera took place. Therefore is was natural that he chooses\nthis island to have his affair with Europa under a sycamore tree.
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Europa Zeus in the form of a bull<\/p>\n

    Zeus loved Europa so much that he showered her with three priceless gifts. The first one was a bronze man, Talos, who served as a guard to her. He was the bronze giant that the Argonauts met and killed in their attempt to shore on Crete. The second was a dog, Laelaps, which could hunt anything she wanted. The last one was a javelin that had the power to hit the target, whatever it was.
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    When\nthe chief of the gods had to return to Mt Olympus to carry out his godly\nduties, he decided to give Europa a befitting husband. He chose the childless\nAsterion king of Crete who adopted the three sons of Europa: Minos, the just\nking of Crete, after whom the Minoan civilization of Crete has been names,\nRhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. These men were known for their fairness and became the three judges of the Underworld, when they died. In fact, Minos founded the town of Knossos and gave his name to an entire civilization, the Minoan civilization.
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Searching for Europa<\/h4>\n

    Not knowing anything about the fate of his daughter, Europa, King Agenor\nsummoned his children, Cadmus, Thasos, Cilix, and Phoenix and sent them in\nsearch of their kidnapped sister, or face exile. The\nsons of Agenor set on their journey. Each one of the four brothers chose a\ncourse. 
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Cilix<\/h5>\n

    Cilix\nwent northwards to the coast Asia Minor facing Cyprus and settled there. Later\non the region was named after him, Cilicia. These Cilicians, according to\nHerodotus, were formerly called Hypachaei, and \u201cthey took their present name\nfrom Cilix son of Agenor\u201d. Modern archeological excavations at Alalakh (in\nmodern Turkey) revealed some valuable Phoenician glassware dating back to the\nmiddle IInd millennium B.C.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Temple of Melqrat <\/p>\n

Thasos<\/h5>\n

    Thasos and his retinue went first to Olympia in Greece where he erected\na big bronze statue dedicated to Melqart. Then he moved up north of the Ionic\nsea to the island facing the shores of Thrace and \u201cfounded\u201d the eponymous town\nof Thasos. He settled on the island, which has borne his name ever since.\nThasos is first mentioned by Herodotus (420-484 B.C.), who had visited the\nisland, \u201cnow called after that Phoenician Thasos\u201d. The Phoenicians founded a\ntemple to the god Melqart, whom the Greeks identified as \u201cTyraian Heracles\u201d,\nand whose cult \u201cwas five generations earlier than the time when Heracles, son\nof Amphitryon, was born in Hellas\u201d, and later on merged with Heracles in the\ncourse of the island\u2019s Hellenization. Herodotus tells us that the island was settled\nby the Phoenicians who, for many years, exploited its gold mines, its iron ore\nand its rich timber resources: \u201cI myself have seen these mines; by far the most\nmarvelous were those that were discovered by the Phoenicians\u201d. According to\nHerodotus, these mines between Aenyra and Koenyra facing Samothrace were\ndiscovered by Phoenicians and were very rich in gold.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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Phoenix<\/h5>\n

Phoenix\nwent westward crossing Libya (North Africa) to settle in Carthage whose\ninhabitants were named the Punic (Punic derived from Poeni- Latin name of\nCarthaginians derived from Phonikes- Phoenicians). Phoenix returned to Tyre\nafter the death of Agenor. While the Greeks believed that the Phoenicians were\nnamed after Phoenix, son of Agenor, we hear of a different story mentioned in\n\u201cthe Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos\u201d (Ist century B.C.), quoting\nSanchuniathon of Berytus who lived in the XIIIth century B.C. He claims that\nthe original name of \u201cPhoenix\u201d is \u201cChnaa\u201d, and that he was a brother to\n\u201cOsiris\u201d, the Egyptian god of life, afterlife, heath, resurrection, and\nvegetation, the same as the Baal Adon to the Phoenicians. He was killed by his\nbrother Seth, god of chaos, but was brought to life by his sister Isis, who\nbrought forth the chest of Osiris out of the trunk of a tree that grew around\nit. The king of Byblos had the tree cut down and made into a pillar for his\npalace, still with the chest inside. Isis was able to retrieve her husband\u2019s\nbody after weeping and pleading, the same as Ashtarut wept for Adon. The annual\nrituals of the death and resurrection of the Phoenician Baal Adon, whose name\nwas altered to Dionysus. <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Phoenix, Son of Agenor<\/p>\n

Cadmus<\/h5>\n

    As for Cadmus, he first\nsailed towards Cyprus, the largest of the East Mediterranean islands, which the\nPhoenicians had already reached at during the western expansion, and had\nalready founded settlements especially at the southern shores. Telephassa, the\nmother of Cadmus and wife of Agenor, decided to join him in his quest for his\nsister Europa. From Cyprus, Cadmus headed to the island of Crete, unaware that\nthe Greed god Zeus had already settled there with Eruopa. From Crete, Cadmus\nmoved to Rhodes Island, where he built a temple for Poseidon the god of sea,\nupon a high hill that oversees Yalyssios city as mentioned by Diodorus of\nSicily.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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    Cadmus then headed to the\nisland of Thyra (Santorini) west of Rhodes. There, he left some of his\ncompanions, among them was a relative by the name Membliaros, as Herodotus\nstated: \u201cThyra (island), used to be known as Callista,\u2026 Cadmus, the son of\nAgenor, touched at it during his search for Europa, and for some reason which\nhad not come down to us, or perhaps merely he liked the place, he left on this\nisland a number of Phoenicians with his own kinsman \u201cMembliarus\u201d against them.\nThese men and their descendants lived to Callista for eight generations (since\n1415 B.C.)
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    The strategy for\nestablishing permanent bases was also adapted by Cadmus\u2019 brothers Thasos and\nCilix; for their father had forbidden then from returning home without their\nkidnapped sister. The volcanic island of Thyra had an important strategic\nposition at the entrance of the Aegean and became a base during the Phoenician\nemigration under the leadership of Cadmus.
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Cadmus and Minerva<\/p>\n

     From\nthe island of Thyra, Cadmus went to Thrace, north of Aegean after passing through the island\nof Samothrace where his mother Telephassa died and was buried there. In his\nlast attempt to find Europa, Cadmus penetrated into mainland Greece seeking the\nadvice of one of the most important oracles of Greek antiquity, the priestess\nto Apollo at Delphi.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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Cadmus\nhad barely left the Castalian Cave when he saw an unguarded heifer, moving\nslowly, and showing no mark of the yoke on her neck. He follows close behind\nand chooses his steps by the traces of her course, and silently thanks Phoebus,\nhis guide to the way. Now he had passed the fords of Cephisus and the fields of\nPanope: the heier stopped, and lifting her beautiful head with it\u2019s noble horns\nto the sky stirred the air with her lowing. Then looking back, to see her\ncompanion following, she sank her hindquarters on the ground and lowered her\nbody onto the tender grass. Cadmus gave thanks, pressing his lips to the\nforeign soil and welcoming the unknown hills and fields. Intending to offer a\nsacrifice to Zeus, he ordered his attendants to go in search of water from a\nrunning stream for a libation.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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    There\nwas an ancient wood there, free from desecration, and in the center of it, a\nchasm thick with bushes and willow branches, framed in effect by stones making\na low arch, and rich with copious springs. There was a dragon sacred to Ares\n(Mars)concealed in this cave, with a prominent golden crest. Fire flickered in\nit\u2019s eyes, it\u2019s whole body was swollen with venom, it\u2019s three-forked tongue\nflickered, and it\u2019s teeth were set in a triple row. After the people of Tyre,\nsetting out, a fatal step, reached the grove, and let their pitchers down into\nthe water, it gave out a reverberation. The dark green dragon thrust his head\nout of the deep cavern, hissing awesomely. The pitchers fell from their hands,\nthe blood left their bodies, and, terrified, a sudden tremor took possession of\ntheir limbs. The dragon winds his scaly soils in restless writhings, and,\nshooting upwards, curves into a huge arc. With half it\u2019s length raised into\nthin air, it peers down over the whole wood, it\u2019s body as great, seen in it\u2019s\nentirety, as that Dragon that separates the twin constellations of the Bear.\nWithout pause takes the Phoenicians, whether they prepare to fight, run, or are\nheld by fear itself. Some he slays with his bite, some he kills with his deep\nembrace, others with the corrupting putrefaction of his venomous breath. <\/p>\n

Cadmus and Minerva<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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    \u201cThe sun had reached the heights of the\nsky, and driven away the shadows. And not the son of Agenor, wondering what has\ndelayed his friends, searches for the men. He is covered with the pelt stripped\nfrom a lion. His sword is tipped with glittering iron. He has a spear, and\nbetter still a spirit superior to all\u201d
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    When\nhe enters the wood and sees the dead bodies, and over them the victorious\nenemy, with its vast body, licking at their sad wounds with a bloody tongue.
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    Cadmus\ncries out: \u201cFaithful hearts, I shall either be the avenger of your deaths, or\nbecome your companion\u201d. So, saying he lifted a massive rock with his right hand\nand with great effort hurled the huge weight. Steep walls with their high\nturrets, would have been shattered, protected by its scales like a breastplate,\nand its dark, hard skin repelled the powerful stroke.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Companions of Cadmus devoured by a dragon<\/p>\n

    But that same hardness cannot keep out the\nspear that defeats it, that is fixed in a curve of its pliant back and sinks\nits whole iron blade into its entrails. 
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    The\ncreature maddened with pain twists its head over its back, sees the wound, and\nbites at the shaft lodged there. Even when the snake loosened its hold all\nround by its powerful efforts, it could scarcely rip it from its flesh and the\niron stayed fixed in its spine. Then indeed new purpose was added to its usual\nwrath: its throat swells, the veins fill, and white spume flecks its baleful\njaws. The earth resounds to its scaly scraping and a black breath like that\nfrom the mouth of the Styx fouls the corrupted air. At once instant it coils in\nvast spiraling circles, at another rears up straighter than a high tree. Again\nit rushed on like a rain-filled river and knocks down all the trees obstructing\nit in front.\u201d\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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    The son of Agenor gives way a little\nwithstanding its attacks by means of the lion\u2019s skin and keeps back the\nravening jaws by thrusting forward the point of his sword. The snake is\nmaddened and bites uselessly at the hard iron and only drives the sharp point\nbetween its teeth. Now the blood begins to drip from its venomous throat and\nsoak the green grass with its spattering. But the wound is slight, because the\nserpent draws back from the thrust, pulling its wounded neck away, and\nconceding its wound, keeps back the sword, and does not let it sink deeper. But\nthe son of Agenor following it all the time presses the embedded iron into its\nthroat, until an oak-tree blocks its backward course and neck and tree are\npinned together. The tree bends under the serpent\u2019s weight and the trunk of the\noak groans with the lashing of its tail.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Cadmus kills the dragon<\/p>\n

    While the conqueror was surveying the vast\nsize of his vanquished enemy, a voice was suddenly heard (nor was it easy to\nunderstand whence it was, but heard it was). \u201cWhy, son of Agenor, art thou thus\ncontemplating the dragon slain by thee? Even thou thyself shalt be seen in the\nform of a dragon.\u201d                 
    He,\nfor a long time in alarm, lost his color together with his presence of mind,\nand his hair stood on end with a chill of terror. Lo! Pallas Athena, the\nfavorer of the hero, descending through the upper region of the air, comes to\nhim, and bids him sow the dragon\u2019s teeth under the earth turned up, and the\nseeds of the future people.\u201d\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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    \u201cCadmus\nobeys, and opening the furrows with a slice of his plough, sows the teeth in\nthe ground, as human seed. Then, almost beyond belief, the cultivated earth\nbegins to move, and first spear points appear among the furrows, next helmets\nnodding their painted crests, then chests and shoulders sprung up, and arms\nweighed down with spears, and the field is thick with the round shields of\nwarriors\u2026
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    Alarmed\nby this new enemy, Cadmus was about to take up his weapons: \u201cKeep away\u201d, one of\nthe army, that the earth had produced, cried at him \u201cand take no part in our\ninternal ward!\u201d So saying, he raised his sharp sword against one of his\nearth-born brothers nearby, then, himself, fell to a spear thrown from far off.\nBut the one who killed him lived no longer than he did and breathed out the air\nhe had just breathed in. This example stirred them all equally, as if at a\nstorm-wind, and, in their warring, these brothers of a moment were felled by\nmutual wounds.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

Cadmus Sows the Dragon's Teeth<\/p>\n

    And now these youths, who were allowed such\nbrief lives, were drumming on their mother\u2019s breast hot with their blood. Five\nwere still standing, one of whom was Echion. He, at a warning from Athena,\nthrew his weapons on the ground and sought assurances of peace from his\nbrothers, and gave them in return. The Sidonian (The Tyrian) wanderer had these\nmen as companions in his task when he founded the city commanded by Apollo\u2019s\noracle.\n               
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    Now\nThebes stands. \u201cAnd now you might be seen as happy, in your exile, Cadmus. You\nhave Ares and Aphrodite as your bride\u2019s parents, and added to this the children\nof so noble a wife, so many sons and daughters, and dearly loved descendants,\nyour grandchildren, who now are young men. But in truth we should always wait\nfor a man\u2019s last day, for that time when he has paid his debt, and we should\ncall no man\u2019s life happy until he is dead\u201d.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n

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Cadmus Found Thebes<\/h4>\n

    As an\natonement for slaying Ares\u2019 Dragon, Cadmus, was forced to serve the god for\neight years. Then Cadmus set with the help of the five Sparti, to found the\ncity of Thebes beginning with its citadel, Cadmea, which was named after him.\n            
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    Soon,\nthe new city expanded with many streets. According to Dionysiaca of Nonnus\n(IVth century B.C.), the Ionian city was embellished with the stony beauty of\nTyrian art. Cadmus planned and dedicated its seven gates to seven gods and\nplanets: the first to the Moon, the second to Hermes (Mercury), the third to\nAphrodite (Venus), the fourth, for being in the middle of the planets, to\nHelios (Sun), the fifth to Ares (Mars), the sixth to Zeus (Jupiter), and the\nseventh to Cronos (Saturn).\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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Cadmus Building Thebes<\/p>\n

    Cadmus\nset on organizing his kingdom and establishing laws and ruling justly; \u201cHe\nwas like a skilled Phoenician peasant\u201d. <\/b>He received Harmonia, daughter of\nAres and Aphrodite, as wife from Zeus. Cadmus was one of the greatest men of\nhis time; his wedding was magnificent and many gods and goddesses attending,\nbesides the parents of the bride. On that day, it is said, he attained the\nhighest honor and prosperity a mortal man can receive; he was able to hear the\nMuses sing.
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    Harmonia\nis the immortal Greek goddess of harmony, concord, and consensus. Her Roman\ncounterpart is \u201cConcordia\u201d; the love that unites all people, the\npersonification of order and civic unity. Harmonia was the daughter of Ares,\nthe god of war, and Aphrodite, the goddess of beauty, who was officially\nmarried to Hephaestus, whom she had betrayed with Ares. Hence, the blacksmith\ngod decided to take revenge from Aphrodite by presenting her daughter Harmonia\nwith a necklace which he gave to Cadmus. This necklace brought misfortune and\ncalamities to all who possessed it. Euripides called Harmonia in his tragedy,\nthe Phoenician Women, \u201cthe mother of all the kinds of Cadmea or Thebes,\ndescendants of Cadmus.
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    Cadmus and Harmonia received splendid\nwedding gifts from the gods; a jewel studded throne for Cadmus from Hera, a\nlyre from Hermes, wheat seeds from Demeter the goddess of fertility and grain,\na crown from Hephaestus, a spear from Ares, a beautiful robe for Harmonia\nknitted by Athena, and a wonderful Necklace forged by Hephaestus, and sacred\nrites of the mother of the gods (Rhea) along with cymbals and kettledrums from\nElectra.
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    But,\nthe charmed necklace of the blacksmith god had a curse, that brought disasters\nto all those who possessed it of Cadmus\u2019 sons and daughters and their\noffsprings. \n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n

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    Cadmus\nbecame one of the richest and most powerful kings of his time. His household\nenjoyed peace and prosperity. He and Harmonia had four daughters: Ino,\nAutonoe, Semele. Agave.<\/b> They also had two sons: Polydorus and Illyrius. <\/b>Cadmus\u2019\nchildren begot him several grandchildren among whom were: Actaeon,<\/b> son\nof Autonoe, Learchos<\/b> and Melicerte, <\/b>sons of Ino, Pentheus <\/b>son\nof Agave, and the most famous was Oedipus<\/b> on of Laius, and all of whom\nsuffered misfortune that befell the Cadmean family.\n <\/p>\n

Harmonia and Cadmus<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n \n \n \n \n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Europa and the Bull The Myth of Cadmus     The myth of Cadmus and his sister Europa is considered as an example of the historical origins of myths which blended with fiction picturesque scenes in order to endow the story with an exciting narrative. Historically, \u201cCadmus\u201d is the son of \u201cAgenor\u201d king of Tyre, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-66","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=66"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":146,"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/66\/revisions\/146"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vanlebconsulate.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=66"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}